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AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. The next year he published a much longer paper in German on the same subject. uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Excess molar isobaric heat capacities and isentropic compressibilities of (cis- or trans-decalin + benzene or toluene or iso-octane or n-heptane) at 298.15 K, The short term exposure limit for airborne benzene is 5 ppm for 15 minutes. Reddy, K.S., Long-term exposure to excessive levels of benzene in the air causes leukemia, a potentially fatal cancer of the blood-forming organs. Six-membered aromatic rings with one carbon replaced by another element: This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 05:01. [all data], Tanaka, 1982 Nitrobenzene is the precursor to aniline. [51], Trace amounts of benzene are found in petroleum and coal. [all data], Andrews, Lynn, et al., 1926 Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. MSDS for benzene is available at AMOCO. Curr. Eng. [all data], Zhdanov, 1941 In particular, acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (AML & ANLL) is caused by benzene. The new understanding of benzene, and hence of all aromatic compounds, proved to be so important for both pure and applied chemistry that in 1890 the German Chemical Society organized an elaborate appreciation in Kekul's honor, celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of his first benzene paper. Safety glasses. [90] The NIOSH short-term exposure limit (STEL 15 min) is 1 ppm. The formula for specific heat capacity, C, of a substance with mass m, is C = Q / (m T). Data, 1989, 34, 332-335. Temp., 1983, 21(2), 270-275. Specific heat of Benzene Gas - C6H6 - at temperatures ranging 250 - 900 K: Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! Shiohama, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S.; Fujihara, I., American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) adopted Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for benzene at 0.5 ppm TWA and 2.5 ppm STEL. In bacteria, dioxygenase enzyme can add an oxygen to the ring, and the unstable product is immediately reduced (by NADH) to a cyclic diol with two double bonds, breaking the aromaticity. In the United States, concern over its negative health effects and the possibility of benzene entering the groundwater has led to stringent regulation of gasoline's benzene content, with limits typically around 1%. Wear safety glasses and use protective gloves. 2o -889 .1791 162 basic lead carbonate 3pb 2c 8o 2h 0 163 benzene 6h 6c 143 .0317 164 benzotrifuroxane (btf) 6c 6o 6n 571 .0686 165 beryllium (non-reactive) 1u2 .0668 166 beryllium (pure crystaline) 1be .0668 167 beryllium borohydride 2b 1be 8h -666 .0218 168 beryllium hydride 1be 2h -399 0 169 . J. Substance Specific heat capacity (J/g C) lead 0.128 silver 0.235 copper 0.385 iron 0.449 aluminum 0.903 water 4.184 An unknown substance has a mass of 14.5 g.14.5 g. The temperature of the substance increases by 15.3 C15.3 C when 85.4 J85.4 J of heat is added to the substance. Via hydrogenation, benzene and its derivatives convert to cyclohexane and derivatives. Mean specific heat in homologous series of binary and ternary positive azeotropes, Specific heat capacity of liquids including ethanol, refrigerant 134, water. with specific heat c = cal/gmC = joule/gmC, initial temperature T i = C = K = F. Heats of combustion and formation at 25C of the alkylbenzenes through C10H14, and of the higher normal monoalkylbenzenes, Rajagopal, E.; Subrahmanyam, S.V., Isentropic compressibilities of binary liquid mixtures at 303.15 and 313.15 K, Eng. In general, the evaluated uncertainty limits are on the order of (0.5 to 2.5) kJ/mol. Tanaka, R., specific heat liquid = 1.740 J/g C A 27.00 g sample of liquid benzene is initially at 41.30 C. [100] About 50% of the entire nationwide (United States) exposure to benzene results from smoking tobacco or from exposure to tobacco smoke. J. Chem. [20] In 1836, the French chemist Auguste Laurent named the substance "phne";[21] this word has become the root of the English word "phenol", which is hydroxylated benzene, and "phenyl", the radical formed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom (free radical H) from benzene. In 1855, Hofmann used the word "aromatic" to designate this family relationship, after a characteristic property of many of its members. Mesure des chaleurs specifique moleculaires de quelques liquides, The formula is Cv = Q / (T m). \Delta H of fusion for benzene is 9.87 kJ/mol; specific heat for liquid benzene is 1.63 J/g X degrees). When certain compounds are heated, light is emitted because the compounds CONVERT some of the energy from the heating into coloured light of specific colours. A method for the determination of the specific heats of liquids, and a determination of the specific heats of aniline and benzene over the approximate range 20C to 50C, Prosen, E.J. Trans. Pressions maxima des vapeurs du benzene et du cyclohexane aux temperatures moyennes et calcul de leurs chaleurs specifiques principales, [9], 1919, 11, 253-291. GSH is involved with the formation of phenylmercapturic acid. [all data], Wilhelm, Faradjzadeh, et al., 1982 Specific heat of benzene= 1.80 . Benzene, also commonly known as benzol, is a colorless liquid with a sweet pungent odor. J. Chem. The extraction step of aromatics from the reformate is designed to produce aromatics with lowest non-aromatic components. This amount is about 10 times the average daily intake of benzene by nonsmokers. shall not be liable for any damage that may result from [all data], Grolier, Roux-Desgranges, et al., 1987 See, The word "benzoin" is derived from the Arabic expression ", Laurent, Auguste (1836) "Sur la chlorophnise et les acides chlorophnisique et chlorophnsique,". Department of Health and Human Services. The measurement of benzene in humans can be accomplished via urine, blood, and breath tests; however, all of these have their limitations because benzene is rapidly metabolized in the human body. If benzene must be used in an experiment, it should be handled at all stages in a fume cupboard. To accurately reflect the nature of the bonding, benzene is often depicted with a circle inside a hexagonal arrangement of carbon atoms. It is dangerous to try to dispose of benzene by washing it down a sink, since it is toxic, will cause environmental damage, and presents a fire risk. Rabinovich, I.B. 125129. Molar heat capacities and isothermal compressibility of binary liquid mixtures: carbon tetrachloride + benzene, carbon tetrachloride + cyclohexane and benzene + cyclohexane, . Hydrogen chloride gas. Excess function of VE,(dVE/dp)T, and CpE of isooctane + benzene and + toluene, Am. J. Maleic anhydride is widely used in resins, coating, pharmaceuticals, surfactants, agricultural products, and plastics. ; Rossini, F.D., As benzene can cause cancer, NIOSH recommends that all workers wear special breathing equipment when they are likely to be exposed to benzene at levels exceeding the REL (10-hour) of 0.1 ppm. In nitration, benzene reacts with nitronium ions (NO2+), which is a strong electrophile produced by combining sulfuric and nitric acids. 2021 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. Using a precise scanning-microcalorimetric technique, the heat-capacity difference between water and an aqueous solution of benzene or of toluene has been measured for a broad temperature range (from 278 to 413 K) under excess pressure, and the partial specific heat capacity of these solutes has been determined. Zhur. Why is the liquid phase of water denser than the solid phase? [52] Benzene molecules have been detected on Mars.[53][54][55]. Bunsenges. Alkyne trimerisation of acetylene gives benzene. Heat capacity of benzene at high pressures, The affected batches were removed from sale. The solvent-properties of the two are similar, but toluene is less toxic and has a wider liquid range. The following information is given for benzene, C 6 H 6 . The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. [83] The maximum allowable amount of benzene in workroom air during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek is 1 ppm. Studies on the heat capacities at low temperature. ; Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E., NQ01 and GSH shift metabolism away from toxicity. [all data], Landrieu, Baylocq, et al., 1929 In this hydrogen-intensive process, toluene is mixed with hydrogen, then passed over a chromium, molybdenum, or platinum oxide catalyst at 500650C and 2060 atm pressure. All rights reserved. Thermochim. . [all data], Gorbunova, Grigoriev, et al., 1982 Given that demand for para-xylene (p-xylene) substantially exceeds demand for other xylene isomers, a refinement of the TDP process called Selective TDP (STDP) may be used. C11H16 = 148.25. Hence the specific heat of benzene = 1716.475 J/kg.C. [81], Exposure to benzene may lead progressively to aplastic anemia, leukaemia, and multiple myeloma. Sufficient heat is supplied to the reboiler to give, V /F = 0.855, and the reflux ratio L/D in the top of the column is constant at 0.50. Soc., 1948, 70, 1502-1505. Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma of gasoline. Czarnota, I., AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. 1 C H vap (80. Nauk, 1962, SSSR 142, 1335-1338. Whereas alkenes can be hydrogenated near room temperatures, benzene and related compounds are more reluctant substrates, requiring temperatures >100C. ; Jost, W., Toluene hydrodealkylation converts toluene to benzene. As benzene can cause cancer, NIOSH recommends that all workers wear special breathing equipment when they are likely to be exposed to benzene at levels exceeding the recommended (8-hour) exposure limit of 0.1 ppm.[84]. J. Molar heat capacities of binary liquid mixtures: 1,2-dichloroethane + benzene, + toluene, and + p-xylene, CYP2E1 is involved at multiple steps: converting benzene to oxepin (benzene oxide), phenol to hydroquinone, and hydroquinone to both benzenetriol and catechol. Benzene Formula:C6H6 Molecular weight:78.1118 IUPAC Standard InChI:InChI=1S/C6H6/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1/h1-6HCopy IUPAC Standard InChIKey:UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-NCopy CAS Registry Number:71-43-2 Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol fileor as a computed3d SD file The 3d structure may be viewed using Javaor Javascript. Q = joules = x 10^ joules. Phenol and halobenzenes can be reduced with metals. Examples of simple benzene derivatives are phenol, toluene, and aniline, abbreviated PhOH, PhMe, and PhNH2, respectively. Aspiration hazard - Category 1 The signal word is danger. Commun., 1979, 44, 3529-3532. Heat capacities of some organic liquids determined with the mixing calorimeter, Williams, J.W. FOIA. Where Q = quantity of heat, c = specif heat of benzene, m = mass of benzene, t = initial temperature, t = final temperature. The molecule is located on a crystallographic inversion center and the terminal aminophenoxy rings are almost perpendicular to the central benzene ring with a dihedral angle of 85.40 (4). MSDS for benzene is available at AMOCO. Proc. Experimental device for measurement of isobaric specific heat of electrolytes at elevated pressures, . [82], OSHA regulates levels of benzene in the workplace. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Benzene has been shown to cause cancer in both sexes of multiple species of laboratory animals exposed via various routes. Uber binare flussige Mischungen I. Mischungswarment, Volumseffekte und Zustandsdiagramme von chlorex mit benzol und n-alkylbenzolen, J. Chem. Roux, M.V. The specific heat transfer area is 109.46 m 2 per (kg/s) of fresh water and the heat transfer area of the distillate preheater is 200 m 2. Kekul's 1872 modification of his 1865 theory, illustrating rapid alternation of double bonds[note 1], In 1845, Charles Blachford Mansfield, working under August Wilhelm von Hofmann, isolated benzene from coal tar. [49] In 1870, the German chemist Viktor Meyer first applied Grbe's nomenclature to benzene.[50]. Benzene Gas - Specific Heat vs. Excess properties of the mixture bis(2-dichlorethyl)ether (chlorex) + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), The specific heat capacity is the heat or energy required to change one unit mass of a substance of a constant volume by 1 C. Under these conditions, toluene undergoes dealkylation to benzene and methane: This irreversible reaction is accompanied by an equilibrium side reaction that produces The title compound, C18H16N2O2, is a precusor for the synthesis of polyimides. Die specifische Wrme flssiger organischer Verbindungen und ihre Beziehung zu deren Moleculargewicht, In 1903, Ludwig Roselius popularized the use of benzene to decaffeinate coffee. (The density of benzene is 0.80 g/mL, its specific heat capacity is 1.74 J/g K, and its heat of fusion is 127 J/g.) Outdoor air may contain low levels of benzene from automobile service stations, wood smoke, tobacco smoke, the transfer of gasoline, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions. [all data], Rastorguev and Ganiev, 1967 Ser. ), 1977, C9-1-C9-4. Chem., 1978, 82, 1282-1290. Some 20% of the benzene production is used to manufacture cumene, which is needed to produce phenol and acetone for resins and adhesives. The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk. Benzene is used mainly as an intermediate to make other chemicals, above all ethylbenzene (and other alkylbenzenes), cumene, cyclohexane, and nitrobenzene. If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. and final temperature T f = C = K = F, Q = calories = kcal = x 10^ calories. ; Nikolaev, P.N., Ferguson, A.; Miller, J.T., ; Bhatagadde, L.G., Have no definite shape 2. Soc. The pathway for the metabolism of benzene is complex and begins in the liver. This page provides supplementary chemical data on benzene. Pacor, P., Ahlberg, J.E. The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk. errors or omissions in the Database. [all data], Tanaka, 1987 J. In the absence of the catalyst, benzene is impervious to hydrogen. ; T = 280 to 353 K. Data also given by equation. [all data], Kolosovskii and Udovenko, 1934 Am. In industrybenzeneis used as a solvent, as a chemical intermediate, and is used in the synthesis of numerous chemicals. For full table with Imperial Units - rotate the screen! Staveley, L.A.K. Claus, Adolph K.L. STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure & NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure, Heat (enthalpy) of sublimation, at 42F/5.85C, Specific heat capacity, Cp (solid) at 32F/0C, log KOW (Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient), Specific Gravity (liquid) (relativ to water), Standard molar entropy, S (solid), at 1 bara. Fortier, J.-L.; Benson, G.C., Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Johann Josef Loschmidt in 1861[36] suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure. Manufacture of some of these benzene-containing formulations ceased in about 1950, although Liquid Wrench continued to contain significant amounts of benzene until the late 1970s. Chem., 1977, 81, 925-930. [all data], Fortier, Benson, et al., 1976 ; T = 82 to 224 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum. Willams, J.W. Compound Name: Benzene; Formula: C6H6; at Temperature: Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons. . Pure benzene, for example, oxidizes in the body to produce an epoxide, benzene oxide, which is not excreted readily and can interact with DNA to produce harmful mutations. Chem. Sci. [18][19] In 1833, Eilhard Mitscherlich produced it by distilling benzoic acid (from gum benzoin) and lime. Instead, retain in a safe place in the laboratory (well away from any source of ignition). 1 lists the specific heats for various materials. The empirical formula for benzene was long known, but its highly polyunsaturated structure, with just one hydrogen atom for each carbon atom, was challenging to determine.